Problems of natural, technical and social nature are any factors that could explain the existence of anthrax in the District of Southwest Sumba (DSS). Each of the problem needs a cross-sectoral cooperative to solve. The purpose of this study was to reveal factors technically associated with cases of anthrax utilize a case-control study design, and those from natural origin that contribute to the existence of the disease. A total of 60 anthrax cases in buffalo and horse was selected as cases. Controls were obtained from neighbouring village and species, sex and age-matched to the cases. Risk factors were obtained by means of a questionnaire for the owner of corresponding animal, while data on average temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and soil pH and type were kindly supplied by the responsible bodies. The determination of the altitude and the coordinate of a case point was conducted using a global positioning system. The association between each of the risk factors and cases of anthrax was evaluated statistically using χ2 test or fisher exact test, and the strength of the association was measured as odds ratio (OR). Unweighted logistic regression and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test were used to evaluate the association between each of the factors and the odds of an anthrax case in the presence of other factor. The results showed that separately, vaccination status (OR=2,90), farmer’s response in vaccination (OR=19,17), communal pasture (OR=23,18), source of water (OR=7,07), and owner’s knowledge about anthrax (OR=13,75) were statistically associated with the case of anthrax. The unweighted logistic regression model included communal pasture (coef +2,48148;OR=11,99), owner’s response in vaccination (+1,93034;OR=6,89), and owner’s knowledge about anthrax (+1,11259;OR=3,04). The sensitivity of the model was found to be 68,3%, and specificity of 91,7%. In conclusion, factors associated with anthrax in DSS are in good agreement with those revealed in other parts of the world. The weather, humidity, soil pH and the position of DSS support the maintenance of the spore in the environment. While natural factors needs a cross-sectoral coordination to improve, technical factors as has been revealed by this study could be handled by the government of DSS. read more

by: Sari Edi

Koi herpesvirus (KHV), is a viral disease in Common Carp and Koi (Cyprinus carpio L.), a highly contagious, causing high morbidity and mortality ranging 80-100% from population. KHV outbreaks have occurred in Koi farming areas in Blitar East Java in 2002. This research to know KHV exist in koi in Blitar and Koi sizes are more susceptible infected with KHV. The research was conducted by taking samples in some districts as the center of Koi production in Blitar, among others Selopuro, Nglegok, Sanan Kulon, Kanigoro, Wlingi, Talun, Udan Awu and Ponggok. The sample size of fish taken 5-10 cm, 15-20 cm and 21 cm above. Fish were taken from each location and size of five individuals. Adapted fish obtained during the 1-3 day with ways kept in the aquarium 40 X 60 X 80 cm. Immunocytochemistry test begin with the caudal vein blood sampling, an object placed on a thin glass and reviewed, were incubated in a solution of acetone for 10 minutes, poured Normal Goat Serum and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes, then performed the procedure and stained with Streptavidin-biotin technique. Positive results of antigen-antibody reaction with Streptavidin-Biotin look goldnes brown color on erythrocytes. Moleculer test using the Polymerase Chain Reacton (PCR) was also performed for strengthening the results immunocytochemistry. The organ is taken from the gills, was extracted, amplified, and electrophoresis. KHV positive results when the band is 290 bp. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the method of immunocytochemistry and PCR examination to 120 fish samples obtained the same results, namely 113 KHV negative and 7 KHV positive. Prevalence of 13.33% occurred in district Nglegok and Wlingi, the prevalence of 6.67% occurred in the district of Sanan Kulon, Talun and Selopuro, while in district Kanigoro, Ponggok and Udan Awu KHV infection not found (prevalence 0%). Koi fish under 20 cm in size more susceptible to KHV infection. The conclusion of this research is still exist KHV in koi in Blitar with a prevalence of 5.83%. read more

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